Startup finance blog | Forecastr

10 free financial model templates for every business model

Written by Steven Plappert | October 15, 2025

Whether you're just starting or have been running your business for years, one essential part of your success is your financial model. It’s the foundation of your business plan. A good financial model helps you predict future profits and support steady growth. But, building one can feel overwhelming, especially if you don’t know much about business finance.

To make it easier, we’ve gathered ten free startup financial model  templates that fit different business types. These templates can help you plan your strategy, understand your expenses, and forecast your income. They will guide you in making smarter decisions for your business.

Key takeaways:

  • Every business model needs a tailored financial plan — one-size-fits-all templates won’t capture your unique costs, revenue streams, and growth paths.

  • Tracking the right metrics is critical — whether it’s churn rate for SaaS, food cost percentage for restaurants, or CAC for e-commerce, focus on the numbers that matter most for your model.

  • Cash flow is the lifeblood of any business — projecting inflows and outflows accurately helps you avoid surprises and plan for sustainability.

  • Financial models guide smarter decisions — they don’t just crunch numbers; they reveal insights that help you scale, set pricing, and manage risks.

  • Templates are a starting point, not the finish line — customize them to reflect your goals, operations, and industry realities for the most impact.

Table of contents

1. E-commerce

E-commerce has become a big deal in the business world. Thanks to technology and changing customer habits. If you're interested in starting an online store, building a solid financial model template is a must. It helps you stay on track and make sure your business is profitable. A well-planned model will guide your decisions and show you how to grow sustainably. 

Let’s break down the key parts and things to consider when creating a financial model for e-commerce.

Key metrics

  1. Cost of goods sold (COGS): This is all about the direct costs of making the products your company sells. It covers raw materials and the labor needed to produce those goods. Tracking COGS is really important because it helps you figure out your gross margin, which shows how profitable your business is.
  2. Customer acquisition cost (CAC): To get customers, you must invest in ads, SEO, or social media. CAC is simply the total amount you spend to bring in a customer who makes a purchase. It’s key to monitor this cost in the digital world.
  3. Customer lifetime value (CLV): This is how much money you expect to make from a customer over the time they buy from you. For long-term success, you want your CLV to be higher than your CAC. This balance helps you build a sustainable business.
  4. Conversion rates: Not everyone visiting your website will buy something. Your conversion rate is the percentage of visitors who become paying customers. A higher conversion rate means your sales process is working well.
  5. Shipping costs: Don’t forget about shipping costs. These can add up and impact your profit margins. But make sure you factor them into your financial plans so they don’t take you by surprise.
  6. Return rates and costs: Easy returns are important in e-commerce, but they can also hurt your profits. Be sure to consider the rate of returns and how much they cost when calculating your overall expenses.

Revenue streams

In an e-commerce business, most of your money comes from selling products. But there are other ways to make extra income, like selling ad space on your website, doing affiliate marketing, or even selling customer data (as long as you follow privacy laws and stay ethical). It’s essential to include all these revenue streams in your financial model template. 

Expenses

In addition to COGS, other operating expenses of an e-commerce business could include website maintenance, warehousing, payment gateway fees, salaries, and office overheads. Don’t forget to include these in your financial model.

Cash flow projection

Cash flow is the lifeblood of any startup, and e-commerce is no exception. It's vital to project your cash flow accurately, considering your sales cycle, payment terms with vendors, inventory management, and seasonal sales fluctuations.

Growth and scalability

One of the most significant advantages of running an e-commerce business is its growth potential. Once your platform is live, you can easily add more products and reach customers from all over the world.

In short, building a solid e-commerce financial model  template for your business is essential. While it might seem complicated, it’s a crucial step for long-term success. Remember to keep it updated as your business expands and the market changes. By focusing on the right metrics, you'll be on track to grow a profitable e-commerce business.

Download Forecastr's E-commerce Financial Model Template

 

2. Software as a service (SaaS)

Software as a service (SaaS) is now a popular choice in the software world. Moving from physical products to cloud services has completely changed how we use software. But this new approach also brings unique financial challenges. These challenges need special attention and planning. In this guide, we’ll break down the critical parts of a SaaS financial model template. 

Key metrics

  1. Monthly recurring revenue (MRR): In a SaaS business, customers usually pay a subscription fee each month. MRR adds up all these monthly payments and is a key way to track your revenue. It helps your business stay stable and predictable by providing a regular cash flow.
  2. Customer acquisition cost (CAC): CAC is the total cost of getting someone to buy your product or service. This includes everything from marketing expenses to sales team salaries. Keeping CAC low is crucial because high costs can hurt your profits in the long run.
  3. Churn rate: The churn rate shows how many customers cancel their subscriptions during a period. If your churn rate is high, it could mean customers aren’t happy. Over time, high churn can seriously damage your business’s sustainability.
  4. Customer lifetime value (CLV): CLV helps you see how much revenue each customer brings during their relationship with your business. For your SaaS to stay profitable, your CLV should always be higher than your CAC.
  5. Average revenue per user (ARPU): ARPU measures how much revenue each user brings to your company. It gives a clear picture of your product’s earning potential and how well it meets your users' needs.

Revenue streams

For a SaaS business, the primary source of revenue is subscription fees, which can be monthly, quarterly, or annually. Other potential revenue streams include upselling or cross-selling additional features or services, licensing fees, data monetization, and advertising.

Expenses

SaaS businesses usually have high upfront development costs. But lower costs for replication and distribution. The main expenses include software development, hosting costs, salaries, sales and marketing expenses, and customer support costs.

Cash flow projection

SaaS businesses often have a different cash flow pattern. They usually require a big upfront investment and a steady recurring revenue stream. This means that understanding and planning for cash flow is super important. It helps the business stay on track and grow over time. By knowing this pattern, SaaS companies can better protect their cash flow.

Growth and scalability 

One of the most significant benefits of a SaaS business model is how easily it can grow. After your software is developed, you can add new customers without spending much more. It's essential to plan your financial model template with this  scalability in mind. It could lead to exponential growth for your business.

In short, a solid financial model is crucial in running a successful SaaS business. It helps with strategic planning and smart decision-making. Plus, it shows investors and stakeholders that your business can thrive financially. Your financial model template should be flexible, adjusting as your business and strategies evolve.

Download One of Forecastr's SaaS Financial Model Templates:

 Monthly SaaS Template

Annual SaaS Template

Per Unit Monthly SaaS Template

Per Unit Annual SaaS Template

Annual SaaS with Monthly Billing


 

3. Subscription box service

Subscription box services are becoming super popular. It offers everything from delicious foods to fun, niche hobbies. Getting a carefully chosen, personalized package regularly delivered is exciting for today’s shoppers. However, behind this creative business idea, there are important financial factors to consider. Let’s look closer at the key parts of the financial model template for a subscription box service.

Key metrics

  1. Customer acquisition cost (CAC): the total amount you spend to get a new customer to subscribe to your service. This includes marketing costs, promotional offers, and any other expenses related to sales. Knowing your CAC is important for budgeting effectively.
  2. Customer lifetime value (CLV): the total revenue you earn from a customer during their subscription. Your CLV must be higher than your CAC. When CLV exceeds CAC, your business can be profitable and sustainable.
  3. Churn rate: In a subscription business, keeping customers is just as important as gaining new ones. The churn rate measures the percentage of subscribers who cancel within a specific time. A high churn rate can quickly reduce your customer base and overall revenue. Thus, managing churn is key to long-term success.
  4. Retention rate: The retention rate is the opposite of the churn rate. It shows the percentage of customers who keep their subscriptions over a specific time. High retention rates usually mean customers are happy with your service. This, in turn, predicts steady revenue in the future.
  5. Average revenue per user (ARPU): the amount of money you make from each subscriber. It gives you valuable insights into how much revenue your subscription box can generate. 

Revenue streams

The primary way a subscription box service makes money is through subscription fees. But you can sell advertising space in your boxes, partner with product companies, or offer premium subscriptions for extra features. 

Expenses

The main costs for a subscription box service include the price of goods, packaging, and shipping. It's crucial to find a balance between offering high-quality items. And also keeping costs low to maintain a healthy profit margin.

Cash flow projection

In a subscription box service, cash flow can be more stable because of the regular income from subscriptions. However, you still need to consider the sales cycle and any seasonal changes in demand. 

Growth and scalability

One big draw of a subscription box service is its ability to grow quickly. Once you've found a successful model, adding new subscribers costs very little extra. You need good logistics and inventory management to ensure that your growth doesn’t hurt the quality of your service.

So, when creating financial model templates for a subscription box service, you must consider its unique aspects. You just need to understand what your subscribers want. As well as you need to improve how you attract and keep customers while providing real value. With a strong financial model template, you can tackle the challenges of this exciting business and build a thriving subscription box service.

 

4. Freelance/consulting

The freelance and consulting world is growing quickly. Many professionals love the freedom and flexibility that come with these options. Whether you’re a solo freelancer or managing a consulting firm, having a solid financial model template is key to your success.

In this section, we’ll explore the important parts of a freelance or consulting financial model.

Key metrics

  1. Billable hours: are the time you can charge directly to clients. It’s important to track these hours closely to get paid fairly for your work.
  2. Non-billable hours: this include time spent on administration work, marketing, and professional development you can’t charge for. Even if you can’t bill clients for these hours, they’re important for your business’s growth and smooth operation.
  3. Hourly rate/project rate: Your hourly rate or project rate is what you charge clients for your services. You might have a fixed price for a project or charge by the hour, depending on how you run your business.
  4. Client acquisition cost (CAC): this is how much it costs to bring in a new client. This includes expenses for marketing, attending networking events, and creating proposals.

Revenue streams

For freelancers and consultants, the main way to make money is through service fees. Additional revenue streams could offer training workshops, write eBooks, create online courses, or even affiliate marketing. 

Expenses

Major costs for freelance and consulting businesses include marketing, professional development, and software subscriptions - moreover, other overhead costs like office space, utilities, and equipment.

Cash flow projection

Managing cash flow can be tricky in a freelance or consulting business. This is often because payments don’t come in regularly. So, it’s essential to project your cash flow accurately. Make sure to consider payment terms with clients, your billing cycle, and any possible payment delays.

Growth and scalability

Freelancers and consultants face some unique challenges when trying to grow their businesses. As you expand, you might need to bring on more consultants or outsource specific tasks. Another option is to turn your services into products, like offering online courses, which help you grow without adding too much extra work.

Ultimately, your financial model template for a freelance or consulting business should show these unique features. It’s not just about tracking your income and expenses. You also need to know what makes your services special. Additionally, managing your time effectively is key to balancing client work with business development. With a strong financial model template, you can successfully navigate the challenges of freelancing and build a successful business.

Download Forecastr's Hourly Services Financial Model Template

 

5. Marketplace

Marketplace businesses have changed many industries, with platforms like Airbnb, Uber, and  Etsy leading the way. These platforms connect buyers and sellers, making transactions easy and smooth. At the same time, this financial model offers a lot of potential. It also comes with its financial challenges. Let’s take a closer look at what’s important in a marketplace financial model.

Key metrics

  1. Gross merchandise value (GMV): this is the total value of all transactions on your platform within a specific time. It’s an important measure of how active and successful your marketplace is.
  2. Take rate: The take rate is the fee or commission you charge for each transaction on your platform. This fee is a key way for your marketplace to earn money.
  3. Buyer and seller acquisition costs: Buyer and seller acquisition costs are the expenses involved in bringing new users to your platform. These costs are important for buyers and sellers to ensure your marketplace thrives.
  4. Liquidity: Liquidity is the balance between supply (sellers) and demand (buyers) on your platform. Achieving good liquidity means that buyers can easily find what they want and sellers have enough customers.
  5. Customer lifetime value (CLV): this is the total revenue you earn from customers over the time they use your marketplace.

Revenue streams

The main way a marketplace makes money is through fees or commissions on transactions. However, other ways to earn include charging listing fees, offering premium subscriptions for sellers, providing advertising options, and selling value-added services. 

Expenses

Essential expenses include technology development and maintenance, customer acquisition, and customer service. Additionally, you may have expenses related to regulatory compliance. Depending on your specific financial model template, there could also be costs for payment processing, dispute resolution, and safety measures to build trust among users.

Cash flow projection

Managing cash flow can be tricky for a marketplace. Because it acts as a middleman between buyers and sellers. It’s essential to project your cash flow accurately. The factors include transaction volume, take rate, payment terms, and potential refunds or chargebacks.

Growth and scalability

Marketplaces have great potential for scalability. Once your platform is up and running, adding new buyers and sellers costs a little extra. However, this growth relies on keeping a good balance between supply and demand,  making sure transactions go smoothly.

That’s why creating financial model templates for a marketplace business means understanding the critical balance between buyers and sellers. It also involves managing the transaction process carefully and scaling your operations in a way that maintains trust and quality. With a solid financial model template, you can tackle the unique challenges of the marketplace model and position your platform for success.

Download Forecastr's Marketplace Financial Model Template

 

6. Mobile app

It’s a digital age, and mobile apps are a big part of our daily lives. They offer solutions for everything, from tracking fitness to learning languages. However, behind these innovative apps, there are detailed financial plans that help guide their development and growth. Let’s look closer at the key parts of a mobile app financial model template.

Key metrics

  1. User acquisition cost (UAC): It is the total expense of gaining a new user for your mobile app. This includes costs for marketing, app store optimization, and other expenses related to bringing in users.
  2. Lifetime value (LTV): The total revenue you expect to earn from a user while using your app. To keep your app financially healthy, your LTV should always be higher than your UAC.
  3. Active users: The number of active users, whether daily (DAU) or monthly (MAU), is a key measure of your app's success. These numbers help you understand how engaged users are and how well you retain them.
  4. Retention rate: The percentage of users who keep using your app over a certain period. A high retention rate means your app is engaging and provides value to users.
  5. Conversion rate: Is the percentage of users who take a specific action, like purchasing or upgrading to a premium version. High conversion rates suggest that your monetization strategies are working effectively. 

Revenue streams

Mobile apps can earn money in several ways. These include app sales, in-app purchases, subscriptions, advertising, and data monetization. The financial model templates you choose will depend on what type of app you have and who your target audience is.

Expenses

The biggest expense for a mobile app business is app development, which includes both initial and ongoing costs. You must consider hosting fees, marketing and user acquisition costs, and customer service expenses. Additionally, if your app is sold or offers in-app purchases, app stores usually take a percentage of the revenue. 

Cash flow projection

Cash flow can be unpredictable in the mobile app industry, especially for apps that depend on in-app purchases or advertising. That’s why it's essential to project your cash flow accurately. Be sure to consider factors like seasonality, user growth rates, and any changes in user behavior.

Growth and scalability

Mobile apps have a massive potential for growth and scalability. Once your app is built, you can add users with minimal extra cost. Some growth strategies include entering new markets, adding exciting features, or optimizing your app for different platforms. However, as your user base expands, it’s important to maintain the app's performance and user experience.

To achieve this, you might need to invest in better hosting solutions or additional development resources. Because of this, your financial model templates should include the costs related to these scalability needs.

So having a robust financial model is vital for your mobile app business to succeed. It helps with planning and making smart decisions, and shows investors and stakeholders that your app is financially sound. Remember that your financial model template should be flexible, adjusting to changes in your business environment and user behavior.

Download Forecastr's User Application Financial Model Template

 

7. Food and beverage

Running a successful food and beverage company isn’t just about having a great product; it also requires disciplined financial planning. From managing production costs to forecasting demand, a strong financial model template is essential. Let’s break down the critical parts of a food and beverage financial model.

Key metrics

  1. Gross margin: The difference between your selling price and the cost of goods sold (COGS). This shows how much profit you’re making per unit.
  2. COGS percentage: The share of revenue spent on raw ingredients, packaging, and production. Keeping this low is critical to healthy margins.
  3. Velocity: How quickly your product sells in each store, per week. It’s one of the best indicators of retail performance.
  4. Customer acquisition cost (CAC): The average cost of bringing in a new customer—through ads, sampling, or retail promotions.
  5. Break-even point: This tells you how much money you need to make to cover all your costs. Knowing this helps you set sales goals and pricing strategies to ensure your company is profitable.

Revenue streams

Food and beverage brands earn most of their income through product sales, whether direct-to-consumer (DTC) or wholesale to retailers. Additional opportunities include foodservice contracts, co-branding, or partnerships with other distributors.

Expenses

Key expenses include raw materials, packaging, co-packing or manufacturing, logistics and distribution, marketing, and trade spend. Don’t forget overhead like salaries, rent, compliance, and warehousing.

Cash flow projection

Cash flow can be unpredictable in food and beverage due to long retailer payment terms, seasonal demand, or sudden changes in ingredient costs. Building reliable cash flow projections helps you prepare for these swings and ensures you have working capital to fulfill large orders.

Growth and scalability

Food and beverage companies can scale quickly once they prove demand. Expansion can come from adding new SKUs, entering larger retailers, moving into new regions, or exploring adjacent product categories. But scaling requires significant investment in production, marketing, and supply chain — so your financial model should plan for these costs.

A solid financial plan helps food and beverage founders understand costs, manage cash flow, and design a growth path that’s sustainable. By focusing on the right metrics, you’ll be better equipped to make smart decisions and set your brand up for long-term success.

8. Manufacturing

The manufacturing industry plays an essential l role in many economies by creating the products we rely on daily. However, managing a successful manufacturing business can be challenging. It involves overseeing complex operations and handling many costs. Let's break down the key parts of a startup financial model template for a manufacturing business.

Key metrics

  1. Cost of goods sold (COGS): This is the total cost of making your products, including materials and labor. It’s a key factor in measuring your efficiency and profitability.
  2. Gross margin: This is the difference between your sales and COGS. It shows how well your company turns direct costs into revenue.
  3. Inventory turnover: This shows how quickly your company sells its inventory. A higher turnover rate means efficient operations and strong sales.
  4. Break-even point: This is the point where your revenue equals your costs. Knowing this helps you understand the minimum sales needed to avoid losses.
  5. Capacity utilization: This shows how much of your production capacity is used. It helps you measure efficiency and plan for growth.

Revenue streams

In a manufacturing business, most revenue comes from selling your products. Other ways to earn money might include selling leftover materials, offering maintenance services for your products, or licensing your designs or production processes.

Expenses

The main costs in a manufacturing business are raw materials, labor, machinery, maintenance, utilities, and storage. Moreover, you’ll also have indirect costs like marketing, research and development, and administrative expenses.

Cash flow projection

Managing cash flow is key for manufacturers because of the high upfront costs for materials and machinery. Accurate cash flow predictions are important, considering supplier payment terms, how quickly inventory is sold, and seasonal changes in demand.

Growth and scalability

In a manufacturing business, growth usually means producing more, which could require new machinery, more employees, or more extensive facilities. You might also grow by creating new products or entering new markets. However, scaling up in manufacturing often involves high upfront costs and added complexities. Your financial plan should factor in these challenges when planning for expansion.

So, solid financial model templates are vital for manufacturing success. It helps you track costs, set prices, manage cash flow, and plan for growth. With thoughtful planning and regular financial checks, you can handle the industry's challenges and grow your business successfully.

9. Retail 

The retail industry is a lively and varied sector that includes everything from small shops to supermarket chains. No matter the size or focus, every retail business needs a reliable financial model template to guide decisions. Let’s take a closer look at the key parts of a retail business financial plan.

Key metrics

  1. Gross margin: This is the difference between what you earn from sales and the cost of the products you sell. It’s an important measure of your store's profitability.
  2. Inventory turnover rate: This shows how fast you sell and restock your inventory. A high turnover rate means you’re selling quickly and managing inventory well.
  3. Sales per square foot: This metric tracks how much money your store makes for each square foot of space. It helps you measure the efficiency of your selling area.
  4. Customer retention rate: This is the percentage of customers who return. A high rate shows strong customer loyalty.
  5. Average transaction value: This measures how much each customer spends per visit. It helps you understand spending habits and see how well your pricing and promotions are working.

Revenue streams

The main way a retail business makes money is by selling products. But, depending on what your store sells, you might also add other income sources. For example, you could charge service fees for delivery or gift wrapping. Additionally, you might earn money from vending machines or by renting out part of your store.

Expenses

The primary expenses for a retail business include the cost of buying inventory. Other major costs are rent or mortgage for your store, staff salaries, utilities, marketing, and insurance.

Cash flow projection

Cash flow is very important for retail businesses, especially those with physical locations. You have many cash outflows, like inventory purchases, rent, and payroll. That’s why it’s vital to project your cash flow accurately. Be sure to consider factors like seasonal changes in demand, payment terms with suppliers, and unexpected costs.

Growth and scalability 

In retail, growth often means opening new store locations. And expanding what you sell or starting online sales. However, each option needs careful planning and a good amount of money. As you grow, you might find it more complex to manage inventory, hire staff, and provide customer service. So, your financial model template should consider these challenges and the costs that come with them as you think about your growth plans.

So, having a solid financial model template is essential for any retail business. By keeping track of important metrics, predicting cash flow, and planning for growth, you can make smart decisions. These steps can help increase your profits and set your business up for long-term success.

10. Physical products

Selling physical products, whether in a store or online, needs careful financial planning. Every choice, from getting materials to pricing your products, can affect your profits. By understanding these components, you can make better decisions that help your business thrive. Look at the key parts of a financial model template for a business that sells physical products. 

Key metrics

  1. Cost of goods sold (COGS): This is the total cost of making each product you sell. It includes both the cost of materials and labor.
  2. Gross margin: This is the difference between how much you sell a product for and the COGS. It’s a key measure of your business’s profitability.
  3. Inventory turnover: This shows how quickly you sell your inventory. A high inventory turnover can mean strong sales performance and good inventory management.
  4. Return rate: This is the percentage of products that customers return after buying them. A high return rate can point to issues with product quality or customer satisfaction.
  5. Break-even point: This is when your total revenue matches your total costs. Knowing your break-even point can help you set sales targets and pricing strategies.

Revenue streams

The main way a physical products business makes money is by selling its products. Depending on how your business is set up, you might also earn extra income from service or maintenance contracts. You can sell related accessories or license your product designs to other companies.

Expenses

The most significant expenses for a physical products business include the costs of materials and manufacturing, packaging, storage, shipping, marketing, and customer service. 

Cash flow projection

Cash flow is very important for businesses that sell physical products. This is especially true because of the upfront costs for materials and manufacturing. By making accurate cash flow projections, you can manage these costs, ensure you have enough inventory, and avoid running out of cash.

Growth and scalability

To grow a physical products business, you might expand your product range, boost production capacity, or explore new markets. However, these strategies can make your operations more complex and increase costs. Adding more products means managing more inventory, and entering new markets may require different marketing approaches. So, your startup financial model template should consider these challenges as you plan for growth and scalability.

In conclusion, having a detailed financial model is vital for running a successful physical products business. It helps you understand your costs, set the correct prices, manage cash flow, and plan for growth. By regularly checking your key financial metrics, you can make smart decisions that lead to your business's success.

Download Forecastr's CPG Financial Model Template

Your next step toward smarter growth

The templates above give you a good starting point for different business models. So your financial model  template should match your specific situation and goals. Feel free to customize these templates by adding or removing parts to better fit your needs.

In the end, financial models are not just about numbers. It's about truly understanding your business. It’s essential to know what drives your costs and revenues and how to use this knowledge for lasting growth. With a solid financial model , you’ll be one step closer to making your startup dreams a reality.